Meningitis most often results from a viral or bacterial infection, but it can also be caused by certain types of fungus and parasites. The condition is characterized by inflammation of membranes within the brain and spinal cord, as well as fluid accumulation. Immediate medical attention is necessary for suspected cases, both to prevent transmission and to avoid serious effects and complications. Without timely treatment, loss of life can occur.
The onset of meningitis symptoms usually occurs within a few hours or days of exposure. While symptoms like nausea, vomiting, and headache occur with all types, other symptoms vary based on the cause of the illness. Viral and bacterial meningitis can also cause:
If symptoms last four weeks or longer, the condition is considered to be chronic. Additionally, bacterial infections can be accompanied by purplish skin discoloration that looks like bruising, as well as irritability.
Symptoms can be somewhat different in infants. In this case, a child may cry continuously and show no interest in feeding.
The above symptoms require immediate medical assessment, especially when it comes to infants. Without timely medical treatment, a person can experience severe complications or even loss of life due to the effects of inflammation and fluid build-up on delicate brain tissues. Potential complications include:
Fortunately, the recovery outlook for most children and adults is very good when treatment is sought immediately.
In most cases, meningitis results from a viral infection, with bacterial infections being the next most common cause. Both the viral and bacterial forms of meningitis are spread from person to person. When it comes to viral infections, children under the age of five have the highest risk. As for bacterial infections, most affect people aged 20 and younger. The ailment can spread quickly in communal living situations.
In addition to a physical examination to assess symptoms, meningitis can also be diagnosed via blood testing and diagnostic imaging. It may also be necessary to perform a spinal tap, which evaluates spinal fluid for the presence of a high white blood cell count, low sugar, and higher than normal protein levels.
Medication is not usually used to treat viral meningitis, but doctors can provide fluids and pain medication to manage symptoms. As for bacterial forms of the condition, antibiotics are often effective. Additionally, some types of bacterial meningitis can be avoided with vaccinations.
People can also reduce their risk by using safe practices. Regular hand washing helps stop the spread of germs in general, and children should be warned not to share drinking cups or straws with others. Covering one’s mouth when coughing or sneezing also stops the spread of illness when around others.