Colon & Rectal cancer, also called colorectal cancer, develops in the colon or rectum. The two cancer types come in the same category as they share many features. Colorectal cancer is generally more common in older adults or people who are above the age of 60.
Typically, it starts with a tiny non-cancerous clump of cells known as polyps. These polyps develop inside the colon muscles and over time, this abnormal growth of cells develops into colorectal cancer.
In South Africa, colon and rectal cancer is one of the most common cancers in men and women.
Most people with colorectal cancer do not experience any symptoms in the initial stage. When the cancerous cells increase in number in the large intestine, people may start feeling these symptoms;
Medical professionals are not sure about the underlying cause of colorectal cancer. Colon cancer typically starts when normal colonic cells experience DNA abnormalities (mutations). A cell’s DNA, instructs the cell on what to do.
Your body’s healthy cells divide and grow to maintain regular physiological function. However, when the cell’s DNA is harmed and becomes cancerous, it continues to divide even though new cells are not required. A tumour is created as the cells assemble.
These cancerous cells may spread over time and infect other neighbouring healthy tissues, causing them to be destroyed. Malignant cells may deposit themselves in other body parts (metastasis).
Like other types of cancer, age and family history may contribute to colorectal cancer. Some other risk factors include:
Colonoscopy is the diagnostic test for colorectal cancer. During a colonoscopy, a doctor uses a long, flexible tube with a camera to look inside the rectum and colon for polyps or other abnormal growths. Doctors also do a stool test to check for blood in the stool, which can be an early sign of colon and rectal cancer.
A barium enema is another common diagnostic method for colorectal cancer. A special liquid is introduced into the rectum to make the colon and rectal tissues visible on X-rays.
If you ignore the early symptoms or treatment of colon and rectal cancer, it may grow large enough to block the normal passage of stool through the colon or rectum. In advanced stages, colon and rectal cancer can spread (metastasize) to other body parts, such as the liver, lungs, or bones.
Surgery is often the first line of treatment for colon and rectal cancer. The type of surgery will depend on the location and extent of cancer. The affected portion of the colon or rectum may be removed, and the remaining sections reattached. If the cancer is at an advanced stage, the entire colon or rectum may need to be removed.
Therefore, regular screening tests, such as colonoscopies, can help detect colon and rectal cancer early, when it is most treatable. Plus, a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, maintaining a healthy weight, and engaging in regular physical activity can all help reduce the risk of colon and rectal cancer.
Most importantly, talk to your doctor about the best prevention and early detection approach based on your risk factors.