Birth defects, although rare, can be a cause of concern for both expectant parents and their healthcare professionals. Birth abnormalities can range from mild to severe and can affect various parts of the body, leading to long-term health problems and even disability.
While some birth defects are genetic and, therefore, cannot be avoided, others can be prevented, or the risk factors can at least be minimised with proper care and precautions during pregnancy. This can include eating healthily, not smoking, and avoiding certain environmental factors such as pollution and even certain medical tests like X-rays whilst pregnant.
With this in mind, what are the five most common causes of birth defects, and how can they be managed or even avoided?
Genetics plays an important role in the development of birth defects. It is faulty genes that are behind the majority of certain disorders, such as Down syndrome, cystic fibrosis, and sickle cell anaemia. These and other health conditions can be passed down from parents to their offspring if the parents are carriers of mutated or faulty genes.
Such health problems linked to abnormalities or mutations in genes affect the development of the foetus. General genetic and prenatal testing can help identify potential risks and guide parents in making informed decisions concerning family planning.
This could mean that those at high risk of passing genetic mutations to their children might want to consider choosing alternative parental options, such as adoption, instead of starting their own family.
During pregnancy, being around certain environmental factors can increase the risk of birth defects. Substances such as alcohol, tobacco, and recreational drugs can cross the placenta and harm the developing foetus.
This is why it is important to abstain from such behaviour during pregnancy so that the developing child cannot be harmed.
Expectant mothers who avoid such substances increase the chances of their child being healthy during pregnancy and at birth.
Additionally, exposure to radiation from X-rays or certain medications can also pose a risk. Pregnant women should consult with their healthcare providers before undergoing any medical procedures or starting new medications.
A well-balanced diet is crucial for good health in general and vital during pregnancy. A nutrient-rich diet helps to support the healthy development of an infant. Nutritional deficiencies, especially in some vitamins and minerals, can lead to birth defects.
Folic acid, for example, plays a vital role in forming the neural tube, which develops into the baby’s brain and spinal cord. Lack of folic acid in the mother’s diet can increase the risk of neural tube defects, such as spina bifida.
It is recommended that women of childbearing age take a daily folic acid supplement and consume a variety of nutrient-rich foods during pregnancy. Healthy eating should continue after the baby is born to ensure vital vitamins and minerals are passed to the child during the following months of breastfeeding.
An infection during pregnancy can result in birth defects in the foetus. Certain viruses, such as rubella (German measles), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Zika virus, have been linked to developmental abnormalities in infants.
To minimise the risk, pregnant women should practice good hygiene, avoid contact with individuals who have contagious illnesses, and consider vaccinations before planning pregnancy. Regular prenatal check-ups can also help find and treat any infections promptly.
Certain health conditions in the mother can also contribute to the occurrence of birth defects. Diabetes, both pre-existing and gestational, increases the risk of various abnormalities. High blood pressure, thyroid disorders, and obesity can also affect foetal development.
Pregnant women should seek to manage these conditions with the guidance of their healthcare provider to minimise potential risks to the baby. Regular prenatal checkups are crucial for monitoring and addressing any maternal health issues and is highly advisable for all women starting a family.