The majority of gallstones, which are hardened pieces of bile, consist primarily of cholesterol. However, a smaller percentage are known as pigment or bilirubin gallstones. Bilirubin is a yellowish-orange pigment that results from the breakdown of red blood cells. Pigment gallstones occur when a person’s bile contains an excess of bilirubin.
Certain medications can break down gallstones, but these drugs work best when gallstones are small. Additionally, if the pigment gallstones are causing blockage, these medications cannot be used. In this case, doctors will likely recommend surgery when gallstones are causing moderate to severe symptoms or carry a risk of complications, such as gallbladder inflammation.
Also known as cholecystectomy, gallbladder removal is the most effective way to treat all types of gallstones. Without the gallbladder, bile will move from the liver to the small intestine to facilitate proper digestion. There are both invasive and non-invasive methods for removing the gallbladder, and your doctor can discuss which option is best for you.
In the event that gallstones cause abdominal discomfort or other types of pain, most people can manage it with over-the-counter pain medications. If pain cannot be adequately managed with these drugs, your doctor may also prescribe stronger pain medication. However, severe gallstone pain typically indicates that more advanced treatment is needed.