Several conditions can affect the testicles. Testicles are the male gonads, body parts responsible for making hormones that cause sex-related changes in the body. The testicles (also called the testes) are also responsible for making sperm. They sit in the scrotum or scrotal sac. Sexually transmitted infections, fluid buildup, and vascular issues can cause testicular disorders.
Testicular cancer occurs when there is abnormal cell growth on the testicles. It’s not a common type of cancer but occurs most often between the ages of 15 and 45. It’s very treatable, even if it has spread. Chemotherapy and surgery are common treatments for testicular cancer.
Epididymitis occurs when the epididymis is inflamed or infected. The epididymis is a tube that sits next to the testicles. Sexually transmitted infections, rare side effects of vasectomies, or injury can cause epididymitis. People affected by epididymitis may experience fever, vomiting, nausea, pain, and swelling in the testicles or scrotum.
Testicular torsion happens if a structure called the spermatic cord gets twisted. This cuts off the blood supply to the testicles. Testicular torsion is a medical emergency. If you do not receive immediate treatment, the structures may not be saved. A good rule of thumb is that not receiving treatment within six hours will result in an inability to preserve testicular function. The most telling symptom of testicular torsion is the onset of sudden, severe pain. You may also experience vomiting, nausea, and a fever.
Hydrocele occurs when fluid builds up around the testicles. It can affect both testicles, or only one, and can cause swelling in surrounding tissues. It’s typically not painful or detrimental to health in any way. However, if you’re experiencing any swelling in your testicles, you should see a healthcare provider. Occasionally, people experience symptoms of hydrocele aside from swelling. These can include pain, redness, and tenderness in the scrotum. When men develop hydrocele, it’s usually caused by an injury or testicular infection, like epididymitis.
Varicocele occurs when there are enlarged veins in the scrotum. Like hydrocele, this condition is typically harmless and not painful – but it can contribute to male infertility by reducing sperm count and quality. Occasionally, you may experience symptoms like pain or swelling.
Orchitis involves inflammation of both or one testicle. It is most frequently caused by an infection. Examples include the mumps and chlamydia. Orchitis can cause pain and tenderness in the testicles and the scrotum and may lead to infertility.
Hypogonadism occurs when the testicles do not produce enough testosterone. This can lead to a low sex drive, erectile dysfunction, osteoporosis, infertility, decreased body hair, fatigue, hot flashes, and depression. Hypogonadism can be treated with testosterone replacement therapy.
A spermatocele is a cyst in the epididymis. If the spermatocele is small, it may not be noticeable. Larger spermatoceles can cause heaviness and swelling around the testicle.
Testicular pain should always be taken seriously. While these disorders originate in and around the testicles and affect that area specifically, not all causes of testicular pain are related to the testicles. Serious infections and kidney stones can also cause testicular pain. It’s important to see your doctor any time you experience testicular pain or swelling.