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Sepsis

Sepsis (often wrongly referred to as blood poisoning) is the body’s overwhelming reaction to an infection caused by a staphylococcus aureus infection (staph infection). The staph infection triggers a dangerous immune system response that leads to sepsis and impacts the entire body.  Severe staph infections may cause your body’s immune system to malfunction and attack the body instead of the infection which leads to life threatening sepsis. Sepsis can quickly turn severe causing tissue damage, organ failure, shock, stroke, heart attack and death.

Symptoms

Symptoms may include:

  • High temperature (in some cases if you enter shock then the body temperature plunges).
  • Confusion/disorientation
  • Severe breathlessness
  • Chills
  • Rapid heartbeat
  • Slurred speech
  • Dizziness
  • Decreased urine output.
  • Feeling faint
  • Severe muscle pain
  • Cold, clammy skin
  • Mottled or pale skin
  • Blood pressure or inability to maintain blood pressure
  • Loss of consciousness

Sepsis is considered a medical emergency and prompt treatment is needed in order to prevent death

Causes & Risk Factors

Sepsis can be caused by a staph infection that is not treated or is not responding to treatment.  It can also be caused by bacterial infections, viral infections such as influenza or COVID-19, and fungal infections.

Risk factors for developing a staph infection followed by sepsis include:

  • HIV/AIDS – Individuals undergoing treatment for HIV or who have active AIDS.
  • Skin Infections: If a wound in the skin from a cut or puncture becomes infected.
  • Food Poisoning: If a person accidently eats foods that have spoiled or contain toxins.
  • Weakened Immune System – Elderly individuals and people suffering from a variety of chronic health conditions may have a weakened immune system.
  • Toxic Shock Syndrome: When bacteria enters the body (often from a tampon that has been left in the vagina too long) and creates toxins in the blood.
  • Endocarditis: If an individual uses an unclean needle, has recently had dental surgery, or some other surgery resulting in bacteria infecting the heart.
  • Diabetes Sufferers: Diabetes sufferers who use insulin to control the condition.
  • Mastitis: When the breast become infected by a blocked milk duct during breastfeeding.
  • Kidney Failure Coupled with Dialysis – Individuals who are suffering from kidney failure and must undergo dialysis.
  • Transplant Recipients – Anyone who has recently undergone a transplant such as a lung, kidney, or heart must take immune-suppressing medications to avoid transplant rejection.
  • Cancer – Those being treated using chemotherapy or other medications that impact the immune system.
  • Skin Damage – Any sort of skin damage caused by trauma, eczema, or insect bites.
  • Respiratory Illnesses – Sufferers of emphysema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or cystic fibrosis.
  • Burns – Second and third-degree burns can quickly become infected.
  • Surgical Wounds – Staphylococcus aureus is common in healthcare settings and can quickly lead to surgical infections.
  • Implanted Devices such as Intravenous or Urinary Catheters – Anyone with a catheter or PICC line (vein catheter).
  • Surgically Implanted Devices – Individuals who have recently undergone implant device surgery for artificial joints or cardiac pacemakers.
  • Infants – Children under the age of one.

Diagnosis

Healthcare providers will take your temperature and evaluate your heart and breathing rate. A wound culture is carried out using tissue, fluid, or skin taken from the affected area to determine the presence of staphylococcus aureus. A urine sample is also usually obtained to evaluate any urinary tract or kidney problems.

Blood tests look for markers that can indicate the immune system has entered overdrive mode.

  • Elevated or low white blood cells. An elevated level of leukocytes (white blood cells) indicates an infection and low levels can mean that a person is at higher-than-normal risk of developing an infection or sepsis.
  • Lactic acid release in the bloodstream shows that the muscles are not receiving sufficient oxygen. High levels indicate an infection.
  • Organ dysfunction markers such as creatinine levels, cardiac biomarkers, and liver enzymes can reveal sepsis.

Treatment & Management

Sufferers of sepsis are usually hospitalized and often placed in the intensive care unit for close monitoring and aggressive treatment. Treatment includes the administration of intravenous fluids, antibiotics, steroids, and blood pressure medications. In some cases, surgery to remove the infection and damaged tissue is necessary to prevent a fatal outcome.

 
 
 

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