Fungal infections are caused by various species of fungi. These infections are prevalent worldwide and can affect individuals of all ages and backgrounds. While mostly mild, some fungal infections can sometimes cause severe health complications, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems.
Although numerous fungal infections can affect humans, some are more prevalent than others. With this in mind, what are the four most common fungal infections, and what are the symptoms and treatments associated with them?
By understanding these infections and their symptoms, individuals can take necessary precautions to prevent their occurrence and seek prompt medical attention if needed, should they suspect that they are suffering from one of these infections. With fungal infections, a quick medical response can prevent spread and speed up recovery time.
Candidiasis, caused by the fungus Candida, is one of the most common fungal infections. Candida is a part of the normal microbial flora found in the human body, including the skin, gastrointestinal tract, and female genital tract.
However, an overgrowth of Candida can lead to fungal infections. The most prevalent type of Candidiasis is oral candidiasis, commonly known as oral thrush, which presents as creamy, white patches in the mouth and throat. Other forms include genital yeast infections, skin infections, and invasive candidiasis, often affecting individuals with weakened immune systems.
Treatment usually involves antifungals, and some alternative therapies include a low-carb, low-sugar diet and herbs that have natural antifungal properties.
Dermatophytosis — commonly known as ringworm — is a fungal infection that affects the hair, nails, and skin and is also contagious. Contrary to its name, ringworm is not caused by a worm but by a group of fungi called dermatophytes.
These fungi thrive in warm and moist environments, such as public showers or gym facilities. Symptoms of dermatophytosis vary depending on the affected area but often include red, scaly, and itchy patches with defined edges. The most commonly affected areas include the scalp, feet (athlete’s foot), nails (onychomycosis), and body (tinea corporis).
Treatment of this condition usually involves non-prescription anti-fungal creams and powders that are applied to the skin until symptoms disappear.
Aspergillosis is an infection caused by Aspergillus fungi, which are widespread in the environment. It primarily affects individuals with weakened immune systems or pre-existing lung conditions, such as asthma or cystic fibrosis.
Inhalation of Aspergillus spores can lead to a range of respiratory complications, including allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, chronic pulmonary aspergillosis, and invasive pulmonary aspergillosis.
Symptoms may include a persistent cough, wheezing, chest pain, fever, or difficulty breathing. In severe cases, aspergillosis can spread to other organs and cause life-threatening complications.
Aspergillosis can be a stubborn infection to treat. Even the use of powerful antifungals cannot guarantee that the infection will not reoccur over time.
Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is a severe fungal infection primarily affecting individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those living with HIV/AIDS or undergoing organ transplantation.
The responsible fungus, Pneumocystis jirovecii, can be found in the lungs of healthy individuals but often causes disease when the immune system is compromised. Typical symptoms of PCP include fever, cough, shortness of breath, and chest pain. Without prompt treatment, PCP can lead to serious respiratory distress and even death.
The first line of treatment for this infection is Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, which is administered orally or through a vein for three weeks. However, individuals with weakened immune systems should seek medical advice promptly to minimise the risk of severe complications if they suspect that they have this particular infection.
Depending on the severity of the infection, treatment is often undertaken in a hospital setting where the patient can be constantly monitored and observed, especially if respiratory distress is present.