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Neurological Viral Diseases

Neurological viral diseases refer to medical complications affecting your nervous system (including the spinal cord and brain). The viruses may cause various neurological symptoms, from mild to severe. Some common neurological viral diseases include:

  • Poliomyelitis: This viral infection can cause paralysis, particularly in the legs.
  • Viral Meningitis is inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Meningitis can cause symptoms such as fever, headache, neck stiffness, and sensitivity to light.
  • Viral Encephalitis: Encephalitis is the inflammation in the brain caused by a virus. You experience headaches, fever, confusion, seizures, and weakness in these conditions.
  • Rabies: This is a viral infection that affects the central nervous system and can be transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected animal.

Symptoms

Most of the rural areas of South Africa are at a higher risk of Neurological Viral Diseases. People develop various symptoms depending on the type of viral neurological disorder. The most common signs associated with neurological viral diseases are:

  • Headache
  • Confusion
  • Seizures
  • Fever
  • Loss of coordination or balance
  • Paralysis
  • Difficulty speaking or swallowing
  • Numbness or tingling in the extremities
  • Changes in behaviour or personality
  • Vision issues

These symptoms can range from mild to severe and may develop gradually or suddenly depending on the virus and the individual.

Causes

Viruses are the major cause of Neurological viral disease. They infect the nervous system, causing inflammation and damaging the nervous tissue. Below are some viruses that lead to a range of neurological symptoms.

  • Herpes Simplex Virus: This virus can cause neurological symptoms, including encephalitis, Meningitis, and seizures.
  • West Nile Virus: The virus is transmitted by mosquitoes and can cause encephalitis, Meningitis, and other neurological complications.
  • Human Immunodeficiency Virus. It attacks the immune system but can also cause neurological symptoms such as dementia, neuropathy, and myelopathy.
  • Poliovirus: The virus causes paralysis and is spread through contaminated food and water.
  • Rabies Virus: Contact with an infected animal can develop encephalitis and other neurological symptoms.
  • JC Virus: This virus is common in the general population but can cause a rare neurological condition called progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), particularly in people with weakened immune systems.

Risk Factors

These risk factors may make you susceptible to Neurological viral diseases.

  • Age: Some neurological viral diseases like West Nile virus and herpes simplex virus encephalitis are more prevalent in older adults.
  • Immune system status: People with weakened immunity, such as HIV, cancer, or autoimmune diseases, are at greater risk for neurological viral diseases.
  • Exposure to Infected Animals or Mosquitoes: Rabies and West Nile virus are transmitted by infected animals or mosquitoes.
  • Travel: Traveling to certain parts of the world can increase your risk of exposure to viruses that can cause neurological symptoms, such as the Japanese encephalitis virus.

Diagnoses & Complications

Diagnosing neurological viral diseases can be challenging because the symptoms can be similar to other neurological conditions. Your doctor will typically perform a physical exam and take a detailed medical history, including recent travel or exposure to infected animals or people.

They may also conduct tests to help diagnose the underlying cause of your symptoms, such as blood tests, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, brain imaging (such as CT or MRI scans), and electroencephalography (EEG) to look for abnormal brain activity.

Diagnosing neurological viral diseases timely is crucial as they may contribute to complications like brain damage, post-infectious syndromes, and various neurological deficits.

Treatment & Prevention

Like symptoms, treatment for neurological viral diseases can vary depending on the severity of the infection. Treatment may include antiviral medications, supportive care, and management of symptoms such as seizures or paralysis.

Practising good hygiene, such as washing your hands frequently and avoiding close contact with people who are sick, can also reduce the spread of many viruses.

 
 
 

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