Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder commonly affecting children and adolescents. It is characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity symptoms, which can significantly impact a child’s ability to function in academic, social, and family settings.
It is a chronic condition that may lead to developing low self-confidence in children and adults. The intensity of symptoms reduces as the child ages; some individuals don’t outgrow the disease completely. They can learn techniques and strategies to live with the symptoms successfully.
While ADHD prevails in children and adults worldwide, every 1 in 30 children develops this chronic condition. Hyperactive, impulsive behaviour and lack of attention are the two most common symptoms of ADHD.
However, the other symptoms may vary depending on the specific condition. Children or adults with inattention as a major symptom may experience:
Children or adults with hyperactivity and impulsivity experience:
The exact cause of ADHD requires more thorough research. However, doctors believe various neurological, environmental, and genetic factors can contribute to ADHD development.
Diagnosing ADHD involves a comprehensive evaluation by a healthcare provider or mental health professional. The evaluation typically includes a review of the individual’s symptoms, medical and developmental history, and behaviour in different settings, such as at home and school.
Additionally, the individual may be given standardized questionnaires and rating scales to help assess their symptoms and level of impairment.
ADHD is a difficult condition for children to deal with. They face multiple complications, from academic failure, being judged and bullied by other children, and having trouble interacting with peers. Adults with ADHD, however, may be at an increased risk for engaging in risky behaviours, such as substance abuse and reckless driving.
There is no cure for ADHD, but medical professionals can prescribe the following to manage the condition.
Stimulant medications including amphetamine and methylphenidate are used as the first line of treatment for ADHD. These medications work by increasing levels of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain, which can improve attention and reduce hyperactivity and impulsivity. Non-stimulant medications, such as atomoxetine, can also be effective for some individuals.
Behavioural therapy can help individuals with ADHD learn coping strategies and develop skills to manage their symptoms. Behavioural therapy may include parent training, individual therapy, or social skills training.
Lifestyle modifications like improving sleep habits, exercise, and a healthy diet can also help manage ADHD symptoms.
Preventing ADHD in children is not entirely possible, research studies have found there is a higher likelihood of an ADHD diagnosis in children whose mothers did not avoid pollutants, drugs or toxins that can affect foetal development while pregnant.