Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common sexually transmitted infection that affects both men and women. It is estimated that approximately 80% of sexually active individuals will contract HPV at some point in their lives. While most cases of HPV resolve on their own, some strains of the virus can lead to more serious health problems, including cancer.
That said, there are over 100 different types of HPV, and only a few of them are known to cause cancer. In particular, HPV types 16 and 18 are responsible for most cases of cancer, with cervical cancer being the most commonly associated type of cancer.
HPV types 16 and 18 are two of the most high-risk strains of HPV, as they are associated with various types of cancer, including cervical, anal, vaginal, vulvar, penile and oropharyngeal (throat).
HPV types 16 and 18 are spread through sexual contact with an infected person. They can infect the cells in the affected area and cause them to become abnormal. These abnormal cells can then grow uncontrollably and form cancerous tumours.
Cervical cancer is the most common type of cancer associated with HPV. It is estimated that approximately 90% of all cases of cervical cancer are caused by HPV. HPV types 16 and 18 are responsible for approximately 70% of all cases of cervical cancer.
Infection with HPV types 16 and 18 can cause abnormal cells to develop in the cervix. If left untreated, these cells can eventually become cancerous. The most common symptoms of cervical cancer are abnormal vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain and pain during sex.
In addition to cervical cancer, HPV types 16 and 18 are also associated with several other types of cancer. Below is an overview of each type of cancer with which HPV types 16 and 18 are associated.
HPV types 16 and 18 are responsible for approximately 80% of all cases of anal cancer. Symptoms of anal cancer may include pain, bleeding and discharge from the anus.
HPV types 16 and 18 can also cause cancer of the vagina and vulva. Symptoms of these types of cancer may include abnormal vaginal bleeding, pain during sex, and itching or burning in the genital area.
HPV types 16 and 18 can cause cancer of the penis. This is a rare type of cancer that is more common in older men. Symptoms of penile cancer may include lumps, sores or other abnormalities on the penis.
HPV types 16 and 18 are also associated with cancer of the oropharynx, which includes the base of the tongue, tonsils, and throat. Symptoms of oropharyngeal cancer may include sore throat, difficulty swallowing, and ear pain.
In addition to cancer, HPV can cause other health problems. Those include but are not limited to the following conditions.
Genital warts are a common symptom of HPV infection. They appear as small, raised bumps on the genital area and can be painful or itchy. While they are not usually a serious health concern, they can be unsightly and may cause emotional distress.
Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is a rare condition that can occur in children born to mothers with HPV. It is caused by the growth of HPV-related warts in the respiratory tract, which can lead to breathing difficulties, hoarseness and other respiratory problems. RRP can be difficult to treat and may require multiple surgeries.
Like cervical cancer, anal cancer is also associated with HPV infection. It is estimated that HPV is responsible for approximately 80% of all cases of anal cancer. Symptoms of anal cancer may include pain, bleeding and discharge from the anus.
While there is no cure for HPV, there are several steps you can take to reduce your risk of developing complications. Below are a few of the most effective prevention tips.
The HPV vaccine is highly effective at preventing infection with the types of HPV that are most likely to cause cancer. The vaccine is recommended for both males and females and is typically given in a series of two or three doses.
Using condoms during sexual activity can reduce your risk of contracting HPV and other sexually transmitted infections.
Regular screenings for cervical, anal, and other types of cancer can help detect abnormal cells early and improve the chances of successful treatment.
Smoking has contributed to increase the risk of developing HPV-related cancer. Quitting smoking can reduce your risk of developing these types of cancer.
HPV is a common sexually transmitted infection that can lead to several types of cancer and other health problems. While there is no cure for HPV, there are several steps you can take to reduce your risk of developing complications. If you are experiencing symptoms of HPV infection or are concerned about your risk of developing complications, speak with your healthcare provider. They can provide you with prevention tips, management choices, and treatment options.