The conjunctiva is a membrane that protects the surface of the eye. Although fragile in nature, it forms a barrier between the inner eye and the external environment, which potentially contains bacteria and other eye irritants.
However, if some of these irritants, including toxic agents such as certain chemicals, make direct contact with the eye, then this can lead to the development of a condition known as toxic conjunctivitis.
Toxic conjunctivitis is sometimes also referred to as toxic keratoconjunctivitis, and this is caused when a toxic substance causes damage to the tissue in the eye. The most common form of toxic conjunctivitis is called ocular surface medicamentosa (OSM).
OSM is often a reaction of direct eye contact with certain drugs and chemical agents, including those found in the eye drops that are used to treat ocular disorders such as glaucoma.
If this condition is left untreated or is not diagnosed, it can eventually lead to certain complications which can affect the quality of life of the sufferer due to some form of visual impairment.
The classic symptoms of toxic conjunctivitis include eye redness and general irritation accompanied by a watery discharge. Inflammation of the eyelid and the skin around the eye is also common.
Pain and a stinging sensation within the eye can also be present along with visual disturbances such as blurred vision.
Toxic conjunctivitis is caused by chemical agents and other toxins making direct contact with the surface of the eye’s protective conjunctiva. These irritants can come in the form of toxic fumes, smoke from fires, toxic liquids, or additives in eye medications such as preservatives.
The risk factors involved in developing toxic conjunctivitis include having existing eye conditions such as glaucoma, which need regular treatment with certain eye drop medications.
This condition can also be part of an occupational hazard if an individual’s work environment contains irritates or fumes. If this is the case, then wearing eye protection can decrease the risk of developing this condition.
The starting point of diagnosing toxic conjunctivitis is by noting if the patient has come in contact with any toxic substances which directly entered the eye. If an individual is on long-term eye drop treatment for certain eye conditions, then this is another reason for an optician to suspect the presence of toxic conjunctivitis.
Diagnosis is made from an eye examination where a beam of light is shone into the eye. This allows for the surface of the eye to be examined in close detail for epithelial erosion or corneal ulceration. If the eyelids are swollen and thickened, this can also be a sign of toxic conjunctivitis.
Treatment always starts by identifying and removing the offending toxic agent. This can allow the healing process to begin. If a preservative in eye drops is the culprit, then an alternative medication should be found.
Occasionally, corticosteroids may be prescribed short-term to treat any chronic inflammation in the eye caused by the toxic substance.
Avoiding potential eye contact with toxic fumes, smoke, or other substances can help prevent this condition from developing in the first place.