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Complications of Pregnancy

Most women have healthy, uneventful pregnancies. Unfortunately, there are many other women who experience health problems during their pregnancy. Any health problem that arises during pregnancy is considered a complication of pregnancy. Several common complications of pregnancy are listed below:

Prenatal care (care that is given before birth) is important for diagnosing and treating any complications of pregnancy.

Symptoms

Each complication of pregnancy has its own set of symptoms. For example, the symptoms of pre-eclampsia include high blood pressure, headache, vision problems, vomiting, and swelling of the hands and feet. Meanwhile, the symptoms of placenta previa (a complication with the placenta) include vaginal bleeding, uterine contractions, abdominal pain, and backache. The complete array of symptoms for all the complications of pregnancy are too innumerable to list.

Causes

Each complication of pregnancy has its own set of potential causes. Some complications of pregnancy are caused by genetics while others are caused by diet, injury, infection, or abnormalities with the foetus or placenta. For many complications of pregnancy, the cause remains unknown.

Reference Articles

Risk Factors

Several risk factors that increase one’s likelihood for having complications during pregnancy are described below:

  • Age
    Complications of pregnancy are more prevalent among adolescents and women who are older than 35 years old.
  • Chronic health conditions
    Women who have chronic health conditions before pregnancy are more at risk for developing complications during pregnancy. For example, a woman with hypertension (high blood pressure) before pregnancy is more likely to develop pre-eclampsia during pregnancy. Other chronic health conditions that may lead to complications during pregnancy include diabetes, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), and kidney disease.
  • History of miscarriage
    A history of miscarriage or a history of complications during previous pregnancies implies a higher risk for developing complications during any future pregnancy.
  • Smoking
    Smoking during pregnancy can lead to birth defects, complications with the placenta, preterm labour, and miscarriage.
  • Alcohol consumption
    Drinking alcohol during pregnancy can lead to foetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), miscarriage, and stillbirth.
  • Issues with weight
    Obesity or anorexia can lead to many complications of pregnancy, such as gestational diabetes, hypertension, preterm labour, and miscarriage.
  • Pregnancy with multiples
    Being pregnant with twins, triplets, or more can increase one’s risk for complications.

Diagnosis

It is paramount that a woman receives prenatal care during her pregnancy. Prenatal visits offer a chance for a doctor to monitor the health of both the mother and her baby. During prenatal visits, a doctor will perform the following:

  • Talk with the mother about any new or recurring symptoms
  • Conduct a physical exam
  • Record the mother’s weight and blood pressure
  • Take a blood test to screen for HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) and other STDs
  • Take a blood test to check for gestational diabetes
  • Take a blood test to monitor haemoglobin levels, cell counts, and antibodies
  • Take a urinalysis to check for urinary tract infections (UTIs), gestational diabetes, and pre-eclampsia
  • Perform an ultrasound to monitor the amniotic fluid, placenta, and foetus

All these activities allow a doctor to diagnose and treat any complication as it arises.

Complications

Complications of pregnancy, if left untreated, can lead to the following:

For the baby:

  • Low birth weight
  • Birth defects
  • Premature birth
  • Stillbirth

For the mother:

  • Eclampsia
  • Severe blood loss
  • Stroke
  • Death

Treatment

The treatment for complications of pregnancy varies depending on the specific complication in question. Treatment can include any of the following:

  • Hospitalization
  • Bed rest to prevent early labour
  • Medication to prevent early labour
  • Labour induction
  • Caesarean delivery (C-section)

There are various medications that can treat complications of pregnancy. A doctor may prescribe insulin for gestational diabetes, antibiotics for infections, anti-nausea medicine for hyperemesis gravidarum, or blood pressure medicine for hypertension. These are just a few examples of how a doctor may apply medication to treat a complication of pregnancy.

Prevention

There are some complications of pregnancy that cannot be prevented. However, there are some activities one can do to prevent other complications. First and foremost, one must maintain a healthy lifestyle. This entails no smoking or alcohol consumption while pregnant. It is also important to eat a nutritious diet to maintain a healthy weight and support foetal development. Take prenatal vitamins and make sure to regularly attend prenatal appointments.

 
 
 

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